Drūl

The Drūl are a mountain people, inhabiting the Čantai Mountains, as they have for millenia, even before the Salanjans came to the Rhêghîl Valley. They use a cursive script, derived from the Čal syllabary. They are extremely close to the Daralec (linguistically speaking), which is suprising, given the massive timescale seperating them, something on the order of 15,000 years.

The Drūl consonants are:

Bialbial Dental pal-alv velar

Stop p^h º t^hë č^h ĵì k^h ©

Nasal m n - - ŋ

Fricative f v s z š ž x Äγ

Lateral - - l

Approximant - - r

Vowels:

All voiced plosive symbols stand for phonetic Implosivesimplosives, except before nasals.

Schwa exists, but is not used in any words in this lexicon, and is represented by « when it does appear.

Semivowels:
j w

Morphology

The Drūl language is a simple agglutinative language with a very limited lexicon, as they do not have much variation in their lives. Their cases and usages are as follows:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative (intransitive subject; transitive object)	-Ø	-(ū)s
Genitive	-al[1]	-(ū)szal^1
Accusative (transitive object; intransitive subject)	-ūt^h	-(ū)szūt^h
Comitative (Instrument)	-ūl^1l	-(ū)szūl^1
Locative (place where/to/from/at)	-ax	-(ū)szax
Essive (function preformed)	-ēš	-(ū)szēš

Daralec verbs are extremely simple. Just past, present, future, (im)perfective.

Person	Singular	Plural
1^st	-aj	-õj
2^nd	-(a)k^h	-ol
3^rd	-eìi	-ũ
Past -ik-	Subjunctive (if): -ūšū-	Present Participle: -ũju-
Future -ūp-	Infinitive: -uox	Past Participle: -ajär-[2]
Imperfective -ĵìil-	Perfective -č^hir-	Causative: -ŋV-

The subjunctive is used much more often than in Daralec. There is a infinitive.

Examples: /dūŋkūl ilī for/

<good thou ?>

How are you?

/xorbūlxorºūl-č^hir-ik^h-ek^h ilī muk^hūlūt^h for/

<hunt-perf-past-2^nd-sg thou mukūl-Acc. ?>

Did you hunt the mukal?

/ūšū ºbūnūst^hiūs for/

<Subjun. Gods ?>

If the Gods are willing.

Syntax

Despite the names of the Verbal cases, namely Nominative and Accusative, the Daraūleœ is an Ergative language, and these cases would be better named as Ergative and Absolutive. The Darūaleœ and Fanai languages also show this patterning, and the Ēgitan languages are, for the most part, also Ergative languages.

Lexicon

Nouns are in their nominative singular form, and verbs are in their 1^st person sg present.

There is no to be. Sentences which would use it in English simply have no verb. The language does not use imperatives. Relative clauses are separate sentences. Adjectives agree with their nouns in case and number. The sentence order is usually SVO?,? standing for for, which indicates a question.

xū-buzzard

ūlån?or -a small squat, green plant w/small yellow flowers. C.20cm tall.

ūšfũŋ- a large coniferous tree about 2m in height, with flaky bark; the branches curl upwards almost like a snake. Grows on the edges of the Daraleœ desert.

ũzogo-a desert version of the Great Cats of Earth, inhabits the Daraleœ Desert

åŋũtå-fox

ºbusuëdun-uox-sleep

ëdu^ŋk^hul-good (adj)

ëdūrūlaķi-the Daraleœ’s name for themselves. (spoken /drūl/)

ëdūršūn-plateau

ĵ

ìivu-boar

ā-wolf

a^mbuvu-horse

ašu^mbi-crow

fũnoⁿd-uox-jump

for-used to indicate a question

gūnūl©ūnūl, (pl.) ©gūnūlūs-he, she, it, they

©gåni-lizard

borom-mountain ()

xan, (pl.) xanas-I, we (rarely used) (from PDD *ḥçan-, I/we)

xorºbūl-uox-hunt

ilī, (pl.) ilīs-thou, you

i^mbũ^ŋk^hå-caribou

is-prefix ‘great’(used in epithets)

j/ìanast-uox-walk

jiza^ŋga-harrier

č^hūsarfuol-uox-see

č^hū-spear

ºbūnūst^hi-the Daraleœ’s god. They are a monothiestic people, and do not sacrifice.

ºbũⁿt^håsū-coyote

k^hūrnūlast^h -a stone ampitheater, common in the badlands of the Daraleœ Desert

lūk^hũm-glide

mũla^mpi-buffalo

^mbi^ŋkus-uox-drinking

mukūl-a small desert rodent (form borrowed by Highland Drēīn, Lan, as opposed to

Daraleœ mukál)

ⁿdikåbå-eagle

ⁿdožãⁿda-ferret

ⁿt^hũvaku-lion

^ŋkusa-mouse

^ŋgi^ŋguⁿdu-cougar

^ŋgũfeëdå- wolverine-like creature of the mountains

^ŋgåsivu-wren

^ŋgū^mpå-beaver

^ŋgo-bison

^ŋguvãvãno-dog

oºbaŋe^mbu-hare

orēoëdoⁿt^h-an orēodont adapted to desert life, used as a pack animal when tamed, and also hunted {?related to Salanja orēodont?}

otoⁿdofo-deer

o^ŋgũbeu-moose (Egitic)

kũgũ^mb-leap

sanač^h-uox-(to say) hello (greeting)

sūnūč^hūč^hī- (to say) goodbye (the ending is actually the Terminative, which has been lost as an aactual case in Drūl.)

sũ^ŋkol-and [sũŋ|k�l]

uxũ^ŋkũ-kestrel

uŋa^ŋk^huk^ha-heron

upūzũ-cormorant

uⁿt^huxa-a burrowing creature of the desert not unlike the vole

wū?ūsūla©g-the desolation of being in the badlands completely alone

wu©gu^ŋkolu-goat

žũvũ^mbå-hawk

žåwomo^mpå-falcon

žēč^hån-uox-live

ū^ŋkålū-diving

å^ŋgū-bear

?^mp^hå©go-Daralec homeland, which memories of are somehow preserved [/uùmp^whA©o]

šavã/e-kingfisher

^mpusåë-uox-limp

ižåºåsa-mule

²qaluzã- a muskrat-sized creature, but built more along the lines of a desert kangaroo

šavã/e-kingfisher

^mpusåd-ãja-limping

ižåbåsa-mule

²qaLuzã- a muskrat-sized creature, but built more along the lines of a desert kangaroo

osprey tobombi

otter /åqivã

owl umpå²qe

ox ŋkagi

panther duta

porcupine ²qushãnte

possum bašundã

pronghorn požalã

racoon mpesåzu

raven ugãŋa

sandpiper ŋãdå

scampering qãšu²qã

scouting båtåma

skunk ampo²qe

soaring šãžu

sparrow ntåŋgi²qã

stalking låkeguso

strike ntãbu

swallow žo^ŋgijo

swift pa^mbe^ŋge

thrush ndå²Gitå

vulture uze²Ge

watching saŋki

wildcat lushu

ū^ŋgo

jũlå^ŋgu

nūjusux

^ŋk^hižūk^hi

gũjũⁿdū

ŋmºbisīx

sūx

xi^mp^håjoxu

gožåzi

ŋigu

ⁿdigũ

jũpū

?āūluũ~^mbũ^ŋkū

ūⁿduk^hū

lu^ŋk^hu

i?åⁿt^hū

zū^ŋk^hūk^hu

ŋisitu

šugoⁿdo

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¹ syllable-final l is subject to a elison rule, expressable as l# > w#> X^w#.

[2] The ä in the past participle is a diaresis, marking a non-diphthong.