Ženošo dangā

Obstruents

bilabial

dental

palatal

velar*

labio-velar

Plosives

p b

t d

 

k g

 

Fricatives

 

  s  z

š  ž

x γ

w

Nasals

m

n

 

Resonants

r

l

 

Glides

 

 

j

 

 

 

PIE

Genžos

examples

l

l

*leikw-'leave'

leipantom 'leave'

sw

s

*swē 'self'

-s 'refl. suffix'

n8

an

*n8smes 'we'

ansmes 'we'

m8

am

*dekm8 '10'

dekam '10'

r8

ar

*kr8- 'make/do'

karantom 'make'

l8

al

*wl8kwos 'wolf'

walpos 'wolf'

n8#

ān

 

 

m8#

ām

 

 

l8 #

āl

*dl8 #o- 'long'

dālā, ·os, ·om 'long'

r8#

ār

*wr#8mi 'worm'

wārmis 'worm'

m

m

 

 

s

s

*sauso- 'dry'

sōsā, ·os, ·om 'parched'

y

j

*yos 'who?'

jos 'this'

sy

š

 

 

b

b

*belo- 'bright, white'

belā, ·os, ·om 'clear'

bh

b

*ambh- 'of two'

ambiterēs 'of two'

p

p

*pō- 'drink'

pāntom 'to drink'

d

d

*dō- 'give'

dāntom 'to give'

dh

d

*dhē- 'put'

dēntom 'put, set up'

t

t

*trei- '3'

treis '3'

ĝ

ž

*ĝenu- 'family; knee'

ženus 'clan'

ĝh

ž

*ēĝhom 'I'

ēžom  'I'

k^

š

*k^m8tom '100'

šantam '100'

g

g-

*megal- 'great'

megalā, ·os, ·om 'big, great'

gh

g-

*ghē 'emphatic'

'emphatic'

k

k-

*kreu- 'flesh'

krius 'meat'

gw

b, -w-

*gwōu- 'bull'

wāus cattle

gwh

b, -w-

*sneigwh- 'snow'

zneiwatom 'to snow'

kw

p

*-kwom 'with'

-pom 'with'

«

a

*p«tēr 'father'

patēr 'father'

a

a

aĝ- 'lead'

ažentom 'to lead'

e

e

newo- 'new'

newā, ·os, ·om 'new'

i

i

kwis 'who?'

pis 'who?'

o

o

*domu- 'house'

domujos '(this) house'

u

u

*(s)uper 'above'

upereintom 'fly'

ā

ā

stā- 'stand'

stāntom 'stand'

ē

ē

*dhē- 'put'

dēntom 'put, set up'

ī

ī

wīro- 'man'

wīros 'man'

ō

ā

*dō- 'give'

dāntom 'to give'

ū

ū

bhū- 'be'

būntom 'to be'

 ai

ē

*kaiko- 'blind'

kēkā, ·os, ·om 'blind, stupid'

ei

ei

*leikw- 'leave'

leipantom 'leave'

oi

oi

*oik- 'one'

oikā 'one'

ōi

āi

*pōis- 'drank (aor.)'

pepāisa 'I drank'

au

ō

*nau- 'ship'

nōntom 'to sail'[1]

eu

ju

*dheu- 'blow(v)'

diundos 'wind'

ou

ōw

*oug- 'cold'

ōwgeintom 'to snow'

ōu

āu

*gwōu- 'bull'

wāus 'cattle'

āu

āu

*bhāw-[2] 'shine (as a light)'

bāus 'bonfire'

 

Gramm.

Nominative - answers the question pos? (who?, what?)
    Used in its direct function: pos esti? Who’s that?

Genitive - answers the question pošo? (of whom? of what?)
    a) possessive genitive: brātērošo dweris (brother's room; genitives precede their heads)
    b) genitive of part or uncountable amount: lakošo gē mēni dā! Give me some milk!
    c) of quantity: wedāsom dā! (give a cup of water; again with uncountables, after the words like a lot of, much, many, a little etc.)

Dative - answers the question pōi?{<*poei} (to/for whom? to/for what?)
    a) dative of indirect object: īm pispī dāti sēi (it gives something to itself)
    b) of purpose: (for smth)

Accusative - answers the question pom? (whom? what?)
    a) direct object: apam/wedans pepāisa (I drank water)

Instrumental - answers the question pomi? (by what? how?)
    a) agent: ženumīs morsa (I died by the clan)
    b) of way: wežjami īnom (to go by road)
    c) of time: (in day time; used with indicators of time)

Ablative – answers the question pād? (from what?)
    Used without prepositions: domujūd rīrežati (he ruled from home)

Locative - answers the question poi? (where?)
    Used with or without prepositions: poi gē ēdesas!? (you ate where!?)

Nominal declension

 

ā-stem

o-stem

u-stem

i-stem

s-stem

r/n-stem

Singular

Nom.

ā

-os, -om

-us

-is

-es

-ār

Gen.

-āšo[3], -ās

 -ošo

-ušo

-īšo

-esošo

-ānošo

Dat.

-āi

-oi

-owei

-esei

-ānei

Acc.

-ām

-om

-um

-im

-esam

-ārm

Instr.

-āmi

-omi

-umi

-imi

-esmi

-āmmi

Loc.

-āi

-oi

-uī

-ese

-ānī

Abl.

-ād

-ōd

-ūd

-īd

-ed

-ānd

Plural-

Nom.

āēs > -ēs

-ōs, -a

-owēs

-īes

-eses

-ānes

Gen.

āsām

-ōsōm

-owom

-īsom

-esom

-ānsōm

Dat., Abl.

-āmos

-omos

-umos

-īmos

-esmos

-āmos

Acc.

-āns

-ons –ā

-uns

-īns

-esans

-āns (<

-ānns)

Instr.

-āmīs

-ōis

-umīs

-īmīs

-esmīs

-āmīs

Loc.

-āsu

-osu

-usu

-īsu

essu > -esu

-ānsu

Dual

Nom., Acc.

-āi

-ō, -oī

-ūi

-esi

-āri 

Gen. Loc.

-āus

-ous

-owous

-ious

-esous

-ārus

Dat. Instr.

-āmō

-omō

-umō

-imō

-esmō

-ārmō

Abl.

-ābā

 -ōbā

-ūbā

-ībā

-ezbā

-ārbā

 

-ter·ēs 'pronominal dual marker'

-bā- 'dual ablative ending'

 

 

1st person sg.

2st person sg.

1 person plural

2 person plural

Nom.

ežām

ansmes

jus

Gen.

mēnošo

tūšo

ansmesām

wosām

Dat.

mēni

tūi

ansmābā

wosēmos

Acc.

mēnem

tūm

ansmāns

wosāns

Instr.

mēnemi

tūmi

ansmēmos

wosēmos

Loc.

mēnei

tūi

ansmasu

wosu

Abl.

mēnēd

tūd

ansmābā

wosēmos

 

The third person pronoun is not a pronoun as such, but a demonstrative pressed into service by the Ganžōs.

 

The endings for the Present system (Present, Imperfect) are as follows:

            S          D         P

1          -mi       -wesi    -māsi

2          -si        -dāsi[4]   -tesi

3          -ti        -dāsi4   -nti

 

The endings for the Aorist system (Aorist, żPluperfect?) are as follows:

            S          D         P

1          -am      -awes   -amās

2          -asta    -adās   -astes

3          -at        -adās   -ant

 

The endings for the Perfect system (Perfect, żPluperfect?) are as follows:

            S          D         P

1          -a         -wesi    -mās

2          -ta        -dās     -tas

3          -au       -dās     -ās

 

 

The Causative is formed by suffixing –ei- to the stem:

tūi jošo nomanim gignseiami. I shall tell (cause to know) you his name.

Subjunctives are formed by lengthening the PIE stem vowel:

wāuns opimō sepsēsi. You might followfut the cattle with your eyes

Optatives are formed from the Subjunctive stem and adding -i:

gignsēisis, kīn pēmi angignsēisis? If you should know yourself, then why don't you?

 

jošo nomanim mēni gē dā, wel gē mersasai! Give me his name, or you shall die!

tūi jošo nomanim gignseiami. I shall tell (cause to know) you his name.

diupatarišo nomār bišnus būti/ diupatarišo nomār bišnus esti

The god's name is Viśnu.

 

eštū pelapujos-mōtra esi.  You're just another stream in the river. (means same as You're just another brick in the wall)

 

 

Reflexives can be followed by the clitic , or attached fully declined reflexives mēnošo, mēni; tūšo, tūi; sešo, seī; ansmesām, ansmābā; wosām, wosēmos.

 

Prefixes:

            su-: well, especially (Greek ευ-, Saṃskr8ta su)

            dus-: anti- (Greek δυσ-, Saṃskr8ta dus-)

Auxilliaries

Future tense: based on the verb einom, using the lengthened zero-grade ī-:

S          P

1          īm         īmās

2          īsta       īstēs

3          īt          īnt

this is usually cliticised to a worn-down form of the verb’s infinitive, -nn-:

Gnānnīsta! You will know!

Nopōsu onter pānnīmās! We’ll drink all night and all day! (lit. nights between we will            drink)

 

64 typed 1st:

-ad 'to/towards' (also a prefix)

alios 'other'

alterēs 'other of 2'

amantom 'love'

an- 'un-'

ansmes 'we'

antos 'forehead'

ambiterēs 'of two'

apā 'water'

apūs 'waters, lake'

ašints  'sharp'

belā 'white'

bendantom 'to bind'

berantom 'to carry'

brētēr 'brother'

būntom 'to be'  (the stem  es- is also used) (irr.)

dālā, ·os, ·om 'long'

dangā 'language' (cogn. to Latin lingua) (<*dn8gwā)

dāntom 'give'

dekam- '10'

dēntom 'put/set up'

derkantom 'look'

dius 'god'

diupatar 'god-father', the high king of the gods (declined as a r-stem)

domujos 'house'

duā '2'

edentom 'to eat'

einom 'go' (iregular; see verb section) (root *ei-)

-en 'in/on'

ežom- 'I' (men-)

gansis 'goose'

gignāntom 'I know' (gnā-)

īs 'someone'

jepers 'liver'

jos 'this'

jus 'you' (obl based on wosom)

karantom 'make'

kēkā 'blind, stupid'

leipantom 'to leave'

meγalā 'great/big'

mereintom 'to kill' (morseiam 'I killed')

merentom 'to die' (morsam 'I died')

nepos 'dark horse' (<*nopos-epos)

nomār ‘name’ (r/n-stem)

nopē 'dark'

nopom 'night'

nōntom 'to sail'

nūs 'ship'

onter 'between'

opis 'eye'

owis 'sheep'

pāntom 'to drink' pepāisam 'I have drunk' pāisom 'I drank'

patēr 'father'

pedīs 'foot'

pekus 'small cattle'

pelendentom 'to move'

porkos 'pig'

pos? what?

-pom 'with'

pons 'dog'

režantom 'to rule' (perf. rīrežam)

wāus 'ox, bull, cow'

weda 'water' (neuter plural ō-stem)

sepantom 'to follow'

stāntom 'stand' (perf. Pres)

šamtom '100'

šuntom 'to sew'

tentom 'to reach'

tepā, ·os, ·om 'hot'

tentom- 'to cut' (stem  tem-)

treis '3'

'thou'

wežjā 'road' (<*weĝh-yā, cf. ‘rustic’ Latin veham [<*weĝhjām] for vīam)

ženus 'clan'



[1] the noun ship uses a zero-grade form nūs.

[2] the root *bhāw- is supposed from the form bhə-w- of bhā- underlying English beacon.

[3] -āšo results from the contraction of *-a-ōsyo.

[4] <*-dhōs, *-dhās