Kerinidoi
The Kerinid language is one of the major languages of Šaol. Its descendants, the Alasol languages, are some of the most widely spoken Samerian languages, with few that surpass them. Kerinidoi itself is a highly archaic (outside of nominal morphology) language that has helped greatly to reconstruct the Proto-Samerian language. Kerinidoi is also the official language of the Kerinid Empire, one of the most powerful states on Šaol.
Phonology
Developments of vowels and diphthongs from
Proto-Drydo-Kerinidoi to Kerinidoi:
|
PDK |
Kerinidoi |
examples: |
|
|
*i |
i, palatalized previous cons. |
*lianū- 'a small, yellow bird' |
ĺīanūos 'the same' |
|
*u |
u |
*tjū-
'to eat' |
čūre 'to eat' |
|
*e /ε/, *e1 /æ/ |
e |
*re1g- 'to rule' |
regēre 'to rule' |
|
*e2 /å
/, *o |
o |
*-os- 'augmentive' |
-ōz-
'augmentive' |
|
*a |
a |
*pamos 'stream, that which used for
navigation' |
pamos 'street' |
|
*ai |
ai |
*ais- 'to go' |
aizōre 'to go' |
|
*eu |
*eu
>*øy > u |
*euti 'if' |
uči 'if, that' |
|
*ei |
ei |
*sein- '-self' |
zein- '-self' |
|
*e1u |
*eu
>*øu > u |
* |
|
|
*e1i |
ei |
* |
|
|
*e2u |
au (this irregularity shows that the vowel
sequence *e2u was a diphthong, not 2 separate vowels) |
* |
|
|
*e2i |
ai |
* |
|
|
*au |
o |
*-aun- '-ize' |
-onn- '-ize' |
|
*ui, *iu |
y |
* |
|
|
*ou |
u |
* |
|
|
*oi |
oi |
* |
|
Bilabial DentalAlveolar Palatal[1]
Velar
Plosive p
b - - t d
č ì
k g
Spirant
f v þ ð s z
š ž h[x] γ
Nasal[2] m,mm - - n, nn ń, ńń ŋ, ŋŋ
Liquid - -
l ĺ
Approximant - - r j
The phonemes /f/ and /v/ are pronounced as [¸]
and [β].
The nasal length distinction, of unknown origin, is supported by the following minimal pairs:
|
m: mm |
pamos 'street' |
pammos 'circular formation' |
|
n: nn |
sejanos 'food' |
sejannos '(the act of) eating' |
|
ń:
ńń |
beińaos 'female goat' |
beińńaos 'female (in general)' |
|
ŋ:
ŋŋ |
ŋauŋ- 'good/well' |
ŋauŋŋ-(os) 'condor' |
Morphology
Sg. Du. Pl.
(An./Neut.) (An./Neut.) (An./Neut.)
Nominative -os/-on -īō-nēs/-na -nēs/-na
Vocative -ik/-- -- --
Genitive -ōm -īōsun -ōsun
Dative -ū -īōfī -fī
Ablative -ūd -yd (<*ī-ud) -fī
Accusative -orom/-on -īōru -oru
Locative -ēn -īōēn -ēn
Allative -ĺe/-lu -īōĺe/-īōlu -vasĺe/-vaslu
Partitive -ta/-tan -īōta/-īōtan -vasta/-vastan
Inessive -ša/-šan -īōša/-īōšan -vaša/-vašan
Adessive -la/-lan -īōla/-īōlan -vasla/-vaslan
Instrumental -ī -īōnī -nī
The stem vowel system (which mostly developed into a gender system), evident in Proto-Drydo-Udraþ, Salor, and Arēsæd8 (where the stem vowel and case ending are still seperable), in Kerinidoi has given way to the Animate-Neuter distinction.
Pronouns
1st person
S P
Nominative mŏs nŏēs
Vocative moik nē
Genitive mōōm nēosun
Dative mou nēfī
Ablative moud nēfī
Accusative mōrom nēoru
Locative moēn nēēn
Allative moĺe nēvasĺe
Partitive mota nēvasta
Inessive moša nēvaša
Adessive mola nēvasla
Instrumental moī nēnī
2nd Person
S P
Nominative taos kaēs
Vocative taik ka
Genitive taōm kaōsun
Dative taū kafī
Ablative taūd kafī
Accusative taorom kaoru
Locative taēn kaēn
Allative taĺe kavasĺe
Partitive tata kavasta
Inessive taša kavaša
Adessive tala kavasla
Instrumental tai kanī
3rd Person
S P
Nominative sōs sonēs
Vocative soik --
Genitive sōm sōsun
Dative soū sofī
Ablative soūd sofī
Accusative sōrom sōru
Locative sēn soēn
Allative soĺe sovasĺe
Partitive sota sovasta
Inessive soša sovaša
Adessive sola sovasla
Instrumental sī sonī
Demonstratives
proximate: (definite Article)
S P
Nominative þam[3]/þāt[4] þanēs/þana
Genitive þōm þōsun
Dative þū þofī
Ablative þūd þofī
Accusative þōrom/þāt þēm/þana
Locative þēn þaēn
Allative þoĺe/-lu þvasĺe/-vaslu
Partitive þata/-tan þvasta/-vastan
Inessive þaša/-šan þvaša/-vašan
Adessive þala/-lan þvasla/-vaslan
Instrumental þī þanī
remote:
S P
Nominative jŏs/jŏn jŏnēs/jŏna
Genitive jōm jōsun
Dative jū jŏfī
Ablative jūd jŏfī
Accusative jōrom/jŏn jŏru
Locative jēn jŏēn
Allative jŏĺe/jŏlu -vasĺe/-vaslu
Partitive jŏta/jŏtan jŏvasta/jŏvastan
Inessive jŏša/jŏšan jŏvaša/jŏvašan
Adessive jŏla/jŏlan jŏvasla/jŏvaslan
Instrumental jŏī jŏnī
Verbal Inflection
The verbal system of Kerinidoi is a very complex system, with many phonetic reductions, assimilations, many levelings; however, it is a fairly simple system to comprehend in light of its history.
Present system:
Present
Imperfect
Future
Preterit System:
Preterit
Pluperfect
Present tense inflections: */-m/ nasalises; */-n/, */-ń/ do not.
Sg. Du. Pl.
1st - -j -Âĕv (<*Vmĕw<*Vmel ))
2nd -Ás -jÁs -Áts
3rd an. -Át -jút -Ánti
neut -on
Imperfect tense inflections: (*-nvÛ(m)-)
Sg. Pl.
1st -nÂke -nVVĕke
2nd -nÁs -ńVs (<*-njVs, the dual form)
3rd an. -nÁt -nÁnti
neut -nón
Simple Future tense inflections: (Kerinidoi lost the *-e2g)w as the future augment, the forms are borrowed from Šaol Italic)
Sg. Du. Pl.
1st -īb -ībj -ībÂĕv
2nd -ībÁs -ībjÁs -ībÁts
3rd an. -ībÁt -ībjÁt -ībÁnti
neut -ībÁton
Preterit tense inflections: the stem is reduplicated, and the vowel is raised one heighth in PDK; the phonological changes between said and Kerinidoi taking place, thus arriving at the Preterit stem. The Preterit stem is included with all verbs.
Sg. Pl.
1st -ĩ -ĩĕv
2nd -īs -īč«s (<*ītj(>/č/)s)
3rd an. -it -īuntī
neut -on
(Note: some verbs take a Preterit augment in -s-, a loan from the Šaol Italics,
ultimately from the Indo-European Aorist formant in *s:
Sg Pl
1st -sĩ -sĩŏv
2nd -īs -sītis (from the Italic Perfect conjugation)
3rdan. -it -sīunti
neut. -on
Pluperfect tense inflections, added to the Preterit stem: (this tense is very rarely used in
spoken Kerinidoi, generally being replaced by as + the Preterit.)
Sg. Pl.
1st -īsõ -ĩĕvÁs
2nd -īsos -īč«sĭs
3rd an. -īsot -īuntīs
neut -īsot
Future Perfect Indicative: (This tense, present in the earliest Kerinidoi texts, has been lost by virtue of the fact that it was one of the most unwieldy forms to be produced; it was formed by attaching the Simple Future endings on to the Pluperfect endings. It has been replaced by as + the Simple Future.)
mood derivitation:
1. -čēn-: causative
prefixes the stem before the present/preterit root. Suspiciously similar to the Salanjan causative in –č-.
2. -kū: imperative
The imperative is attached to the verb stem, and serves as a person inflection. In the Alasol Languages, this has mostly become another infix.
3. -čēŏ-: volitional
This and the following entry indicate whether or not a person intended to cause an action; they are, in origin, a causative affix (nasal lost) with a further morph *-ŏ(n) accrued to the stem.
4. -čēŏn-: nonvolitional
5. -džin-: intransitive affix (very wide spread in the Alasol languages)
6. -fu-: conditional (originally an adverb, now a stem infix). Indicates that the action's happeing is dependent uipon some other factor, which is put in the Partitive; if it is a verb, the verbal noun appropriate to the tense (in the Partitive) with the subject of that participle in the Partitive.
Participles:
1. –ena-os/-on: Present Participle
2. –tŏr-os/-on: Preterit Participle
3. –ībena-os/-on: Future Participle
Irregular verbs
ezzērē 'to be'
Present
S P
1 ez-ũ ez-omev
2 ez- ez-ets
3 es-t e-nti
Imperfect
S P
1 esun ezomev
2 ezn ezents
3 ez-n-t e-nnti
Future (in Šaol Italic, the sequence *zs goes to /r/ [for a parralel, see Lat. *dt >s])
S P
1 erũ eromev
2 er erets
3 ert erti
Preterit
S P
1 vuvēvĩ vuvēvev
2 vuvēvīs vuvēvets
3 vuvēvit vuvēnti
Pluperfect: as + Preterit
Derivitation
Noun, Adjective, and Verbal augments:
-annos '-like'
-ens-os '-ate'
-ernos '-ness'
-isk-os:agentive suffix
-igureos: agentive suffix
-nos:agentive suffix
-ōz-:augmentive
-ri-:abstraction affix
-wuke '-willed'
Examples:
ezaizōvit dinēn
uči as tītēnōvīuntī
<go(Pret.3rd sg. an.) cloud(Loc.) that (perfective marker) hold (Pret.3rd pl.)
uγetoros þam urkarōm usaōm, oikik.
crown (Nom sg.) the(Nom.sg.an.)father
(Gen.sg.)eagle(Gen.sg.) emph. part.>
He walked at the clouds that held the eagle's father's crown, he did.
Lexicon
Two of the greatest influences on Kerinidoi are the Hill languages, and the Šaol Italics.
These Indo-Europeans somehow came to Šaol (probably with the Áválon Kelts), and joined with the Proto-Kerinids, fusing the two languages. The Kerian language shows much more Italic influence. The far-reaching similarities between the Samerian family and the Indo-European family have contributed to this mixing, and it has created much confusion for the comparativists working on the Kerinid languages. Stress placement is on the last non inflectional syllable; for Preterit stems, the –Vv- is stressed. 86 words.
adēre 'to fight' (Pret. edadēv-)
ade-nos 'fighter'
agn=orē 'to lead a tribe' (Pret. egagnáv-)
agn=iskos'chief'
agn=isk=orē 'to be a chief' (aegn- + -isk- [agentive]+-ore) (Pret. egagniskáv-)
aeveorē 'to desire' (Pret. evaevév-)
af(u)retoros 'spear' {from Hill af-rei-tura 'inanimate prefix' + /kill/ + 'person'}
aifeos 'staff (of wood)'
aizōre 'to go; when with Locative of direction, 'walk'' (Pret. ezaizōv-)
akolon 'wealthy'
alasolos-
the Alasol river, which is the basis of the Kerinind Empire
ana 'to travel (postposition)' (+ the All.)
aŋejaos 'sound'
arēzĕ- 'non-Hill' (< PDK *areīse1-,
'master')
as 'perfective
marker'
beińaos 'female goat'
beińńaos 'female (in general)'
bōn- 'good, well' {Šaol Italic}(?<Proto-Italic
*dvenos? [see Šaol Italic file, *bōn-])
čīgūre 'to kill' (Pret. čīčīgūv-)
(PDK *čīgou-)
čūre 'to eat' (Pret. čūčūv-)
desk- 'wise'
dīnos 'cloud' (singular only) {from Salanjan dī ‘cloud’, pl. dīn}
ediańos'man'
ediań-ore-'manly'
edinna- 'free'
egl-eγos 'warrior'
enaon 'tower'
ena=dīnōm-on 'stronghold' (‘tower of the clouds’)
eŋaon- 'battle'
ens 'so'
esa-nos- 'defender' (esa- defending + -nos
-er)
esode-'bitter'
ēzzēre 'to be'{PIE *es-, *bhū-, 'to be'}(irregular; see conjugation for forms)(Pret. vuvēv-)
fambenos 'twin'
farovilon 'stranger'
fauma=men 'bear-er'
gusiańos-'steward'
hābēre
'to have' {Šaol
Italic} (Pret. hēhēbēv-)
hopi-annos-falcon-like (usually treated as if it were *hopianos in the Alasol languages)
ifasaos-'famous' (from *ifasai-s)
ijoes- 'young' CK [iùjεs], Alasolic pronounciation [iεs], Gari /js«/, Xer /wiU/ET/
ikuos-'noble'
iseńe=igurēos 'counselor' (advice-giver; iseńe advice + -igurēos agentive suffix)
itońik- 'fortunate'
kaŋhirros 'farmer'
keios- 'wind'
kej=annos-'swift' (‘wind-like’) (has only animate forms)
kwerē 'flower' (Pret. kwekev-)
kwin=ore- 'mighty'
lujus=erno- 'bright-ness'
lustos '(a) god' (stem lusti-)
lusti-tor-'divine' (cf. ‘*godded’, being like a god)
ĺīanūos 'a small, yellow bird'
ĺiańos-'worthy'
mātērē 'to give birth to, to mother' (+ Dat.) {PIE *māter 'mother'} (Pret. mēmātēv-)
ŋapens-'earnest'
ŋauŋ- 'good/well' (very rare in
Classical Kerinidoi, but widespread in Alasol)
ŋauŋŋos 'condor'
ŋeipratura-'dweller' {from Hill ŋeipra-tura 'earth-person'}
ŋufiańos-'constant'
ŋum=annos 'bear-like' (ŋum- 'bear' + -annos similaritive affix)
oik- 'strong' (used in the vocative, is an
emphatic particle)
oik=wuke- 'strong-willed'
ondērē 'to be on earth' (Pret.unondēv- ) (changes to a Proto-Alasol *nidie-)
ońifure 'love' (Pret. uńońifuv-)
ońifu=ri=ens-'compassion-ate' (ońif- love + -ri- abstraction suffix +-ens- -ate; -u- is a intercalcerary vowel, due to a taboo on *-fr-)
orgetoros ‘arrow’
pamos 'street'
pammos 'circular formation'
piens-sword
regēre 'to rule' (Pret. reregev-)
reuskatura-strong (from Hill reu-skatura 'stature'
+ 'great' (<*ska 'king'+ tura
'man/person'); the Hill value height as much as gold)
sampire 'bless' (Pret. sasampiv-)
sarkel 'luckily'
sire- 'beloved'
sejanos 'food'
sejannos '(the act of) eating'
sonsenos 'forest'
tēnōre 'to hold' (Pret. tītēnōv-) (cognate to Latin tenērē, to have/hold)
učī 'if, that'[5]
uγetoros-crown
usaos-eagle
urkaros 'father'
víd-isk-ēre 'to protect' (vid- defend + -isk- agentive ('that which defends') + -ēre) (Pret.
vividiskēv-)
vidńos
'protector'
vikaukiań- 'brave; as animate, brave man'
vof-isk-ēre to be gated' (vof- defend + -isk- agentive + -ēre) (Pret. vuvofiskēv-)
zein- '-self' (reflexive affix attached to personal pronouns)