Proto-Drydo-Kerinidoi SteppeMoragravēs

Phonology

phonological explanation

*» /E /

*»₁ /æ /

*Á /a / *»₂ /å /

developments of vowels and diphthongs:

PDKP-Steppe	KerinidoiMoragravēs	-------------------	P-Steppe	Moragravēs
*i	eii < *ĭ, ij < *ī	-------------------	*p	p
*u	ou<*ŭu, uw <*ū	-------------------	*b	b
*e	ee	-------------------	*p^h/φ	pf
*e1η	ēe	-------------------	*b^h/β	bβ
*αe2	a^wo [�]	-------------------	*t1	t
*a	a [a]a	-------------------	*d1	d
*o	ōo [o]	-------------------	*t2	T
*ω	ŏ [�ù]	-------------------	*d2	ð
*ai	aeai <*aei	-------------------	*t^h/s	c
*eu	eo <*eou*eu >*øy > u	-------------------	*d^h/z	Z
*ei	eiei	-------------------	*tj	č
*e1uηu	ēu*eu >*øy > u	-------------------	*dj	ĵ
*e1iηi	ēiei	-------------------	*k	k
*e2u	a^wuau	-------------------	*g	g
*e2i	a^wiai	-------------------	*k^h/x	kx
*au	auo	-------------------	*g^h/γ	gγ
*ui	uwiy	-------------------	*l	l~ł
*ou	owuu	-------------------	*¨	r
*oi	oe <*oeioi	-------------------	*m	m
*iu	eu < *eiuy	-------------------	*n	n
		-------------------	*ŋ	ŋ

Sanu:*V# > i, u (vowel harmony)

Labial Dental /Alveolar Palatal Velar

Plosive p b t₁ d₁ tj dj k g

t2 d2Affricate pf bβ c Z č ĵ kx gγ

|{Aspirated p^h b^h t^h d^h k^h g^h

{[1]

|{SSpirant φff vββ θ ð s z x γ

Nasal m n ŋ

Liquid l,r

development of consonants:

Note::

The t₁/t_2, d₁/d₂ distinctions are placed to account for the phonemic dentals and alveolars of Proto-Drydo-Udraþ.

Note:: the Greek symbols t, d, v, z are used to transliterate the symbols used in writing Salor, which used the symbols for Čal dentals instead of the Salanjan alveolars, which were used in the symbols ti, di (¿used for /č/, /ì/, or Alveo-palatals [tþ], [dü]?; the latter would explain why the Salanjan symbols £,¤ were not used)

Note::

The p^h/f, b^h/v, etc. of Arēsæd are indications of the differing pronunciations: p^h, b^h for the aristocracy, f, v for the masses.

Nominal declension: (The Animate~Inanimate distinction is shown in the Nominative, Dative, Ablative, and Locative by an e~a distinction)

sg. pl.

Nominative -sz -ai9aszl-s -aias

Genitive -e₂₁ēg) ^wgn· -ēgłu/-Vo so -?

Accusative -ozre₂mosze₁mēŋ -ozruosuozēŋł

Dative -ŋ -ŋł*

Ablative -d -dl

Locative -nd -ndl

*the Dative Singular in –aŋ is cognate to the Drydic postposition ana, as is the -an- section of the Locative.

(note: a Dative case exists in all of the daughter languages, but the forms are resistant to comparison; this is chiefly Arēsæd, which has the Dative only in the pronominal and definite [which are really clictic pronouns] declensions)

The stem vowel system, evident in Proto-Drydo-Udraþ, is also present in Salor, Arēsæd (where the stem vowel and case ending are still seperable), and, at least for the o-stem version, in Kerinidoi.

Conjugation:

S (D) P

1 -(e)mηŋ (-) -Vemel)ηuw

2 -esη (-) -?????ek^wur

3 -etη (-) -Ventη

Tenses

1. Imperfect: ·βε-

2. Aorist: -eli-

3. Perfect: reduplication

4. Future: ·šuwm-

5. Pluperfect: reduplication, -eli-

6. Future Perfect: reduplication, ·šuwm-

Moods

1. Subjunctive: ·šijm-

2. Optative: Vowel reverses backness

3. Conditional: Optative + at

AAffixes

1. –la- causative

7. –la- causative

8. –os- augmentive

Kerinidoi developed a nasal length distinction (surviving in the Alasol languages) that may or may not have been present in PDK.

Kerinidoi also developed a Animate/Neuter distinction, in opposition to the 3-gender systems of Drydic, Udraþ, and Lan; this system almost completely overtook the Kerinid nominal system, resulting in a system in which the only case-form differences are between Animate and Neuter. See the Kerinidoi grammar file for more details.

Derivitation

The roots*čīgou- 'kill' and *č_o\^eigu- 'die' show a old alternation of C(V_mid)VCV- and CVC(V_mid)V- in differentiating roots; this shows up only rarely in the Šiffaraxtī archives, suggesting that it was a Drydo-Kerinidoi innovation (these type of roots are not present in the Central branch of the Raskal family, reïnforcing this interpretation)

Lexicon:

*aies-al 'to go'

*areīisze₁ēz- 'master'

*-ð- 'infix, no special meaning'

*d₁riuode1z- 'person; pl., people'

*euoti 'if' (present only in Kerinidoi, Lan, and Salor, and the Central languages)

*liaænueū-z 'a small, yellow bird'

łiañz, łæñz *lkianii- 'slave'

(ă stem in Salor-Arēsæd; present only in Lan, Kerinid-Alasol, where Lan has a ē-stem)(Moragravēs łiañz, łæñz)

*-os- 'augmentive affix'

Drydic -ōs- 'augmentive suffix'

*pamo-: oz 'stream; that which is used for navigation'

Drydic pamos 'river/stream'

Kerinidoi pamos 'street'

*re₁ēgal-: 'to rule'lead into battle, rule'

*čtjūuw-al 'to eat'

*čīijgoual-: 'kill'

*č_o\^eigu-: die (Salor and Arēsæd show *e; Drydo-Udraþ and Kerinidoi show *o)

*ŋŏie-: 'round'

*ðrūuw-: 'large'

*ðūuwr-: 'big'

*kīijs-: 'small'

*βer-: 'blue'

*latčsj-: 'green' (*lac- in PDU; lač- in Arēsæd8, Kerinidoi)

ł*l )e₁eŋg-al; 'walk'; leg (an ancient root, attested in Illanī, Faĵau, and Samaritik)

Salor laŋgaŭs 'leg' (and its Drydic descendants, laŋgau|s, laŋgauhaunan)

Old Kerinidoi lēŋgōre 'to go; to walk' (CL aizōre)

Old Lan łāŋos 'walking/going (pres.part)', inf. aizans

se₂ē-: '1'

kaŋn-: ' 2' {Drydic: kanam: duo, in tandem}

p^h/flūuw-: '3'

rau-: '4'

p^h/flauwkaŋ-: '5'

d^hžjæ(ē-: '6'

zaŋ-: '7'

raurau-: '8'

k^h/xīiju-: '9'

de2ēge₁ell-: '110

Appendix: Dative cases for o-stem nouns, Singular and Plural

*lkiani- 'slave' (ă stem in Salor-Arēs)

ertoun-auv: the area of the Salanjan Empire the Salor inhabited; the modern Drydic Šorakēlēk seuŋos, the march of Šorakēlos; the Salor had a fully Lesbian priesthood, which accounts for the high amount of respect accorded the local Lesbian community; indeed, the local Drydic dialect has some features that can only be explained by Salor substratum. These include /εrtounauos/, (stem /εrtounau-/) the name of the region (obviously from the Salor lexeme, assimilated to the greater Drydic pattern), a general oblique ending in /-erouas/, which has no cognate in any languages save Arēsæd and Salor, where in the latter it is the oblique ending, and in the former it is a form from a non-standard dialect which also uses it as an oblique case-form.'

βεl 'to be almost finished' +Loc. ,

śuwal 'to be going'

dŏčeŋ śeipfet ĵβez

<be-(Pres.1^st sg.) conquer(Pres.3^rd sg.) who(an. nom. sg.)>

I am the great man.

εłčīent drēigdasazl śeipfal śrēgōzēŋł

<have(Pres. 3^rd pl) people-(gen)-sea conquer(inf) šrægg(Acc.)>

The Sea-Peoples have (some) great ships.

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[1] the aspirates are placed to account for the asprate stops of Arēsæd, which are cognate to the spirants of the other languages.