The Udraþ Language: a short grammar
The Proto-Steppe language was somewhat changed in the passage from Šiffarakt to the Rhêghîl plain, and Drydic was the dialect which kept the most archaic features, at least the least developed of the Drydo-Kerinidoi noun and verbal systems. Udraþ, on the other hand, introduced farther-reaching phonological changes, has added more cases, and is in general more advanced than Drydic.
Phonology
Bilabial Dental alveolar
pal-alv palatal velar uvular glottal
Stop p b - - t
d - - c ђ
k g q (g)[1] - -
Nasal -
m - - - n
- - - ñ -
ŋ - -
- -
Fricative φ β þ ð (s
z)[2] š ž ç ђ x γ - - h
Lateral - - - - - l - - - λ - - - - - -
Trill - - - - r
- - - - - - - - - -
Labialised - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - - hw
Glide - w - - - -
- - - j - - - - - -
Vowels:
Phonological changes from Old Udraþ
æ to æ#.
k to q after *ā,
*ō, *ŏ, *ū, *ŭ
c to t in all positions
t to c in all positions
ђ to d in all positions
d to ђ [ï] in all positions, with the exception dotai 'to be'
s to š in all positions; not written consistently
s to · before PDU front vowels
z to ž in all positions; not written consistently
þ to ð word-initial, intervocalic; not consistently written
w to β in all positions (v is written initially, however)
q to g in varg (Drydic warg)
*/ to t in all positions
*kw to p in all positions, except where preceeded by a nasal, where it turns to k.
l to λ [´] before palatals and front vowels
n, ŋ to ñ [ø] before palatals and front vowels
Nominal Declension
1st Declension: a-stems
Sg Pl
Nominative -aš -ai
Genitive -oi -alū
Ablative -ād -ūros
Allative -le -æge
Elative -est -estū
Abessive -ta -æ#d
Dative -ai -æns
Accusative -un -ōš
Instrumental -ga -ssē
Locative -ī -nūs
Illative -īap -vaīap[3]
2nd Declension: o-stems masc.
Sg Pl
Nom. -oš -až
Gen. -æ#k -olū
Abl. -ōd - ūros
All. -le -æge
Elat. -est -estū
Abess. -ta -æ#d
Dat. -ai -æns
Acc. -æm -ōš
Instr. -ga -ssē
Loc. -ī -nūs
Ill. -īap -vaīap
3rd Declension: i-stems, e-, l-, u-stems f/m
Sg Pl
Nom. -s (usually) -ūš (u-stems)
Gen. -iol (from l-stems)[4] -lū
Abl. -ūd (u-stems) -ūros
All. -le -æge
Elat. -est -estūd
Abess. -ta -æ#d
Dat. -ai -æns
Acc. -om -ūš
Instr. -ga -ssē
Loc. -ī -nūs
Ill. -īap -vaīap
Neuter
Sg Pl
Nom. ---- -aђ
Gen. -i_iol -lū
Abl. -i_ūd -ūros
All. -i_le -æge
Elat. -i_est -estū
Abess. -i_ta -æ#d
Dat. -i_ai -æns
Nom. ---- -aђ
Inst. -i_ga -ssē
Loc. -i_ī -nūs
Ill. -i_īap -vaīap
4th
Declension: n-, m-stems f/m
Sg Pl
Nom. -ns/m[5] -ēš
Gen. -on/m -lū
Abl. -ūnd -ūros
All. -le -æge
Elat. -est -estūd
Abess. -nta[6] -æ#d
Dat. -n/mai -n/muns
Acc. -n/m -ēš
Inst. -ga -ssē
Loc. -ī -nūs
Ill. -nī -vaīap
5th Declension: r-stems f/m/n
Nom. -r -rēš
Gen. -or -irrū
Abl. -rī -ūros
All. -re -æge
Elat. -rest -estūd
Abess. -ta -æ#d
Dat. -rai -æns
Acc. -rem -rēš
Inst. -ga -rrē[7]
Loc. -rī -nūs
Ill. -rīap -vaīap
6th Declension: uo-stems Neut.
Sg Pl
Nom. -uoš -ijar
Gen. -æ#k -olū
Abl. -ōd -ūros
All. -le -æge
Elat. -est -estū
Abess. -ta -æ#d
Dat. -ai -æns
Acc. -um -ijar
Inst. -ga -ssē
Loc. -ī -nūs
Ill. -nīap -vaīap
Adjectives
Declension 1
Sg Pl
f m n f m n
Nominative -aš -oš -uoš -ai -až -ijar
Genitive -oi -æ#k -- -alū -olū --
Ablative -ād -ōd -ōd -ūros -- --
Allative -le -- -- -æge -- --
Elative -est -- -- -estū -- --
Abessive -ta -- -- -æ#d -- --
Dative -ai -- -- -ens -- --
Accusative -un -æm -uom -ōs -ēs -ijar
Instrumental -ga -- -- -ssē -- --
Locative -ī -- -- -nūs -- --
Illative -īap -- -- -vaīap -- --
Declension 2
Sg Pl
f m n f m n
Nominative -is -is -e_C -iaj -ial -ijar
Genitive -iol -ijæ#k -i_næ#k -alū -olū --
Ablative -iād -iōd -i_ōd -ūros -- --
Allative -le -- -- -æge -- --
Elative -est -- -- -estūd -- --
Abessive -ta -- -- -æ#d -- --
Dative -iaj -iaj -i_aj -enel -- --
Accusative -um -em -i_uom -ōš -ēš -ijar
Locative -ī -- -i_ī -nūs -- --
Illative -īap -- -- -vāp -- --
Comparatives
-inna- plus the adjective's normal endings.
Superlatives
-irræl- plus the adjective's normal endings.
Pronouns
Sg Pl
1st Person
Nom. ula nōs
Gen. mon nōlu
Abl. mål nål
All. måle næge
Elat. mest nestū
Abess. måta næ#d
Dat. mū nū
Acc. ulæm nōs
Inst. måga nessē
Loc. mī nōnūs
Ill. mīap nīap
2nd
Person
Nom. sa kōs
Gen. son kōlu
Abl. sel kel
Dat. sū kū
Acc. sulem kōs
Loc. sī kōnūs
3rd
Person
Sg Pl
f m n f m n
Nom. ta tæ# to tai tuī tura
Gen. toi tai -- talū tolū tolū
Abl. tel -- -- tūros -- --
Dat. tōd tūd tūl tū -- --
Acc. tun tem to tōs tēs tura
Loc. tī -- -- tenūs -- --
Ill. tīap -- -- teap -- --
Demonstrative/Relative Pronoun (suffix the -æl- from the verbal inflection to form “that”)
Sg Pl
m/f n m/f n
Nom. or
ors orōs ora
Gen. oris
iris olu oralu
Abl. orål
irōd orel oral
Dat. oru
irī orū orū
Acc. orem
ors orēs ora
Loc. orī
irī ornūs ornūs
Verbal Conjugation
Levels of evidentiality:
1.-tī- seen by the speaker
2.-æl- seen by someone else
3.- sī- not seen, but it is probable
Moods:
1.-e- indicative
2.-a- subjunctive
3. /stem/ imperative[8]
4.-i- optative
Tenses:[9]
1. -ek- Future
2. -ekelī- Future Perfect
3. -ba- Imperfect
4. -elī- Present Perfect
5. -elība- Pluperfect
6. elas- Aorist (also formed with reduplication, raising the vowel height one step)
7. la- Present Aorist (reduplicated (no vowel change), with augment regardless)
8. la-/stem/-ek- Future Aorist
Uses: Tense/Aspect system
Present Past Future
Imperfective Present Imperfect Future
Simple Occurance Present Aorist Aorist Future Aorist
Perfective Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect
Uses: Narrative time system; Present Aorist not used
Aorist Future Aorist
_______|_____ ______|___
| | | | |
Plu. Perf. Imp. Pres. Future Fut. Perf.
| | | | | |
Personal Endings:
|
|
|
Active |
……… |
|
Middle |
……… |
|
Passive |
……… |
|
|
|
Sg |
Dual |
Plural |
Sg |
Dual |
Plural |
Sg |
Dual |
Plural |
|
|
1st |
-m |
-su |
-mūl |
-mai |
-swai |
-mēn |
-r |
-sur |
-mur |
|
|
2nd |
-s |
-tel |
-tis |
-sai |
-telai |
-tsai |
-sur |
-telor |
-per |
|
|
3rd |
-t |
-ŋk |
-ntæ# |
-tai |
-ŋkerai |
-ntai |
-tur |
-ŋkur* |
-ntūr |
|
*from
PDU *-VmkwuzR.
Infinitives:
Active:-ai
Middle:-ein
Passive:-em
Perfect infinitive: Act.: -erai
Mid.:-erein
Pass.: -erem
Pluperfect Infinitive: A: Gerund + dotai (to be)
Present
Participle:
1.
stem +
-aš, -oš, or -uoš.
Perfect
Participle:
1.
Perf. stem +
-(a)ðeraš, -(o)ðeroš, -(o)ðeruoš.
Aorist
Participle:
1. Aor. Stem + -(e)liš,
-(e)liš, -(e)lin (3rd decl.)
Verbal
Negative:
1. keī- prefix
negating the verb
Verb
Affixes:
1.-pe suffix indicating a question
Syntax
The
Locative of Inanimate Indirect Object of Old Udraþ is still present in Udraþ,
and in fact is so widespread that in spoken Udraþ the Illative case, formerly
used for only certain place from constructions, is now used as a general
Locative, with the actual Locative reserved for the inanimate Dative.
Udraþ is a heavily inflected
language, so word order is not a major issue; however, the unmarked word order
tends to be either VSO or VOS.
The Subjunctive and Optative moods are not distinguished in English or Latin (and, indeed, the Proto-Germanic Subjunctive mood forms are actualy the Optative forms), nor in any Indo-European language that I am aware of except Greek. The usages in Udraþ are therefore close to the Greek usage, although not exact. In general the Subjunctive is to be translated either with so that + may, or the few subjunctive forms left in English (e.g., If Cæsar were here, …), other uses include expressing doubt, the Hortatory Subjunctive, and futurity; the Optative mood is used for those English Infinitives that are the descendants of Old English Subjunctives, and in order to + infinitive, and is also used when expressing wishes and desires. Conditional clauses are formed using the 3rd level of evidientiality, Perfective aspect, Subjunctive mood, with both Pluperfect and Future Perfect markers in the conditional verb, the agent of the verb placed in the Genitive, the patient placed in the Ablative (semel plus the Locative is also used). Indirect Statements are oscilating between the Subjunctive mood and the Infinitive, with all the tense distinctions evident in both (namely, future (perfect) Subjunctive). The Imperative is used for commands, and a Vocative of sorts exists as the bare stem in order so that it might be used with the Imperative. Nominative dependancies are the Subject of the sentence, and the predicate nominative with the coupola Dotai, and its compounds. The Genitive expresses possession and the partitive Genitive. The Ablative’s uses are: Ablative of opposition; Ablative of Denial (with some of the prepositional verbs); Ablative of accompaniment; and Ablative of Time. Dative: Indirect object of main verb; Dative of Movement to. Accusative: Direct object of the main verb; Accusative of Distance where.
Locative: Locative of movement from; Locative of Movement; Locative of Directional Movement; Loc of Showing; Locative of Inanimate indirect object.
Lexicon
The words
will eventually be arranged by Drydic order. The citation form is the
Nominative form followed by the Genitive form.
Note::- λ represents the palatal lateral [´], ñ
represents a palatal nasal [ø], þ represents a voicless interdental spirant [T], å represents [A\], ђ
represents a voiced palatal stop [ï]. 176 words.
u w o å a æ e i j y p t c k q l λ r m n ñ ŋ b d ђ g g φ
þ s § š ç x β ð z ž γ
aisatalīm-sail (go
across water); Aisatalīm sõn bheighaunsīa(m~s~t)- to go
after so that (I~you~he) might strike
agenoš, -æ#k, m.-lamb
åђeqai, -alū, m.- the Aadeks, the
Continental Samerians’ collective
name for themselves
ãn-and; -õn postpositive (a form aktū,
cognate to Drydic Attū, is attested in Old Udraþ)
al-beyond (with Loc.)
allanor, ----, f. -a
small squat, green plant w/small yellow flowers. C.20cm tall.
{From Daraleœ alån/or, the same} (indcl.)
ai§ai- to go
ai§÷ūlai-go after
(+ Allative)
ai§ōkuŋai- refl.
intr. to move (ai§ai 'go' + -ōkuŋ- inchoative suffix);
tr. to carry (something)
aiqs, aigis, m.-goat
akunai-do {Present Participle Genitive in –eo}
al-beyond (with Acc. of Distance
where)
aλchâunai-to flow
aλcaš, -oi, f.- current, stream
aλcošaš,
ioi, f.- river
ana- at, along, towards; postp w/loc
aŋai- twist
ansīrai (prep.)- to deny (w/Abl.)
añcī-against; postp w/abl
ap at/near (Loc. postp., used as suffix for the Illative case)
apaunai-take, reach
aqaucæ#, n.- steep coast, peninsula, cape (indcl.) [ÇaqAU9ÈcQù]
aragoš, -æ#k, m.-thief, highwayman; wolf
ar-araxeloš, -æ#k, m.- Ar-Axel, the capital city of the
Salanjans; it is also used for 'capital
city'
arīzæ#r, arīzæ#or, m.-VIP, a person of importance (PDK *areīse1-,
master)
ar-udraðaž,
ar-udraðālu, m.- Ar-Udraðaž, capital of the Udraþ kingdom
a§man- heaven (indcl.)
asaqaš, -oi, f.-faith
a§§aŋoš, a§§aŋæ#k, m.- a large coniferous tree about 2m
in height, with flaky bark;
the branches curl upwards almost like a snake. {from Daraleœ a§fãn, the
same}
atonai-wait for
atalaš, -oi, f.- water
-(h)aunai: verbalizing
stem
aža-too, basic emphatic particle,
=Russ. Жэ, Greek
τoι.
ažīrēī-Goddess of the Sea, keeper of the Màgàr (indcl.)
bergæ#kšalontaš,
-oi, f.-mountain grass
bandaunai-drop
beraš, -oš, -uoš - white
berg,-æ#k, m.-a range of mountains, or an
extremely tall one
bheighaunai- strike(trans) {from Arēsæd bheig-,
to strike}
bhibhroš, -æ#k, m.-beaver{from Arēsæd bhibhr-,
beaver}
behēkerai-love, like (related to behēkeroš light) (from
Proto-Drydo-Udraþ *behēker-,
love, light)
behēkeroš, -æ#k, m.-light (from Proto-Drydo-Udraþ *behēker-,
love, light)
burriђan-cut;
irregular verb (trans) [bU¨rIÆan]
br8žŋxaš, -oi, m.- native
insturment, somewhat like a sitār.
brut·aš/uoš, -oi/-æ#k,
m./n.-beer;
brut·aš/-uoš
virōlu/džalakantālu, party of beer
drinkers, keg party
čalūš,
-ū, m.-the
Čal, inhabitants of the rock cliffs to the west; also the rock formations which they live near {from
Salanja Čal, their name
for the Čal}
čepedoš, -æ#k, m.:captain (military & nautical)
čolaš, -oi, f.- hooker
dajološ, dajolæ#k, m.-Dajol-ghûl, Dryd
commander of great repute
daralec, m.- the Daraleœ, a race of hunters
who live in the desert that bears their name
daršans, -on, n.-plateau
{from Daraleœ daršan, the same}
dašadaniai-to drink hevily (Šiffaraxtī *dasa
sea)
daueraš, -oi, m.-pirates (collective singular; no
plural, except when refering to 2 or more
separate groups of pirates)
degalastai-attack
(give a fight)
dehaunai-give(trans)
dei-give (more common form
than dehaunai; pres. part.
genitive in -eo)
dextoš, -æ#k, m.-given (irr. Participle) (/x/ <
*/h/ before /t/)
deidikaunai-indicate (trans) -|
deidikiehaunai-display (intrans) -|transitive
& intransitive forms of the same verb
deidikosaunein-show, point out (w/Loc of Showing)
dēuidizdomaš, -oi, f.-temple (cf. God’s house)
dēuiaš, -oi, f.-goddess
dēuis, dēuidis, m.-god (from Proto-Drydo-Udraþ *dēŭĭd-z,
god)[10]
dīdāš, -oi, m.- fortress
dotai-to be
domaš, -oi, f.- house
domai, -ālu, f.- village
douraš, -oš, -uoš -strong
døč·až, -olū, m.- the Døč/Deutsch, descendants of High
Germans that came to Šaol during the
Terran Migrations [deotSaz]/[døtSaz]
drēīnīj,
-olū, m.-the
descendants of the ancient Salanjan Civilisation
drydaž, drydolū,
m.-the Dryds
dūkxa-DAMN!!
dūnuoš, -æ#k, n.-hill, mountain (smaller that berg)
džyçaš, -oš, -uoš-young
džalakantaž, -ālu, m.-horde
ђāgel-ten
ђrūaš,
-oš, -uoš- big
ђūraš,
-oš, -uoš- large
ēþem-sit
(emphatic istu!)
ēβomai-drip, flow out
epoš, -æ#k, m.-horse
elai-have
erg«ntaš, -oi, f.-silver
en-postp. in, on with acc.; into with
dat.
epsoanoš, -æ#k, m.-aspen
ermaš, ermoš, ermuoš -fierce, furious, mad
esai- eat
galastai-fight
geŋikaš, -oi, f.- unit
gharijāl,
-iol, f.-crocodile
{from Čal gharījāL their crocidile god}
gwherdiamnaš,
-oi f.-pine
tree{from Arēsæd gwherdiamn-, tree of needles}
hairæks, hairækeo,
f/m.-a type of
small rodent (originally an s-stem, was assimilated to
the e-stem pattern)
hartaggaš, -oi, f/m.-a bear-like creature ten feet tall
at the shoulder [hartagùaS]
hastelūђor-an
aroyyo, but much larger; exist on the desert plain above the Čal
cliffs {from Čal hasteLūğor, the same}
hwalanaš, -oi, f.-the animal that the
Wargs prey on the most often
ikul!-(interj)
you are going to die, BITCH!!!
ikur!-(interj) you little SHIT!!!
jehwot-so long as (adv) [jExwth]
karnalestoš, -æ#k, m.-a stone
ampitheater, common in the badlands of the Daraleœ Desert {from Daraleœ karnalest, the same}
kåçaš, -oi, m.-ants
kerinidoij, kerinidolū, m.-the perple of the Kerinid Empire
kešarr, -or, f.-hand
khîtraqas-a boar-like creature which has a
speckled body (Salanja khîtraqa,
the same)
kīzaš, -oi, f.- little thing
-kīzaš, -oi - diminuitive
kōs kolū-you
kreuhoroš, -æ#k, m.-raw flesh
kruhai- eat messily
kruhiai- gorge
kruhiβaš, kruhiβoš, kruhiβuoš- bloody
(adj)
kruhiast(o)r, -or, m.-an giant monitor lizard, not unlike Megalgina
xeratoriuoš, -æ#k, n.-empire
xepoš, -æ#k, m.- home
lakueroš, -æ#k, m.-lake, pool
lantalai-move
lantaltulenai-labor, suffer
laŋgaus, -æ#k, m.-leg
laŋgauhaunai-walk
lataš, -oš, -uoš- green
lendhôš, -æ#k, m.-open land, a plain
levan-across (w/ loc. of Movement)
lotsoš, -æ#k, m.-salmon
magar-a serpentine creature inhabiting
the ocean {from Čal màgàr, the same}
marr, marior, n.-sea
mukálaš, -oi, m.-a small desert rodent {from Daraleœ mukál, the same}
nar (prep.
w/abl.)- on
nar-rhêghîl, -oi, f.- Nar-Rhêghîl, a city on the Rhêghîl
river.
nōs, nolū-we
nix –general invective
nūl (prep)-after (w/abl)
ŋŏiaš, -oš, -uoš round
orr, oror- this
orel, orelor-that
-osaš, -osoš, -osuoš -full of, augmented (verbal augment –os-)
puška(š), -oi, f.-originally 'one who deserts his
friends', but now extended to use for any
person/thing that makes the speaker very mad.(pušča has been
borrowed from Torasas in the colloquial
dialects)
φæns, φæñcis, m.-religion
φāleqš,
φēliqiš,
f.-cat[11]
φolai-build
φoanabai-stand
polaskīj, -olū, m.-the Arēsæd, a
race of barbarians that ride horses the size of Wargs; they are closely
related to both Dryds & Udraþ.
qulaš/kulaš, -oi, m.-spear
rhêghîl, -oi, f.-the Rheghil river
sa, son- thou
semel-out of, from; w/loc
sõn- (adv) so that (+ subj.); in order
to (+opt.)
§imānuoš, - æ#k, n.-ridge, boundary
§īkanai-throw
šaološ, -æ#k- Šaol, the Dryds' planet.
šalontaš, -oi, f.-prarie grass
šiotænoš, -æ#k, m.-shit
šotæn!-OH SHIT!
štonč, štonon, m.-luck
ta, tæ#, to-she, he, it
taš, toš, tuoš-her, his, its (3rd
Person adj.)
tai, tuī, tura-they
tosai-lose
toulaš, -oi, f.- fire
tulai-quarry(v)
tuλents,
tuλinon, n.-stone;
domas tuλinalū, quarry(n) (cf. house of stone)
ðeronts, ðeronon, m.-pterodactyl-like creature
inhabiting the mountains
ula, mon- I
udraðai, -olū, m.-the Udraþ
vai (adv.)-therefore
varg, -æ#k, m.- a Warg
vāsuleg-the desolation of bieng in the
badlands completely alone
veraš, -oš, -uoš- blue
vir, viræ#k, m.- man; pl. band of men, group
vostaš, -oi, f.-river mouth
vuγAn- to curse
vuγan tsulem!-fuck you!
ždatem-create;(dep. Verb)
žogostai-see
žogost|aš/ -oš, -oi/
-æ#k, f/m.-sight (1st Decl. or 2nd
Decl.)